Showing posts with label "genetics". Show all posts
Showing posts with label "genetics". Show all posts

Sunday, December 7, 2025

CRISPR Therapy Changes Everything for Kids With Blood Disorders

     This week I came across a news story that honestly made genetics feel real instead of just something we learn from Punnett squares and worksheets. Researchers reported that a CRISPR-based treatment called Casgevy is helping young kids with sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia go at least a year without symptoms or blood transfusions. That might not sound huge at first glance, but for families dealing with these illnesses, that’s basically life-changing.

    What really stuck with me is that these disorders usually mean hospital visits, tons of pain, and a lot of uncertainty. So seeing actual children, some as young as five, finally getting a chance to live more normal lives because their genes were edited feels almost like a science movie becoming real.




    Another thing that stood out is how far gene editing has come. It wasn’t that long ago that CRISPR was just something scientists were experimenting with in labs. Now it’s being used to treat real people with real diseases. And not just slow down symptoms, but potentially cure them. That’s wild.

Overall, this news definitely made genetics class feel more relevant. We’re learning about gene expression, mutations, and inheritance—but this shows what all that knowledge is building toward: being able to actually fix what goes wrong in our DNA. 



Wednesday, November 26, 2025

Is Some of Our DNA Really Junk?

     I’ve always thought of DNA as this super organized instruction manual — you know, genes that code for proteins and everything else being mostly filler. But this new study from Cornell kind of blew that idea out of the water. Apparently, there’s a huge chunk of our DNA — the parts we used to call “junk” — that might actually be doing important stuff. They used a new sequencing method to explore these regions, which are full of repetitive sequences and transposons, and the results are surprising.

    The coolest part is that these “hidden” regions could be involved in regulating genes, influencing how our bodies respond to stress or disease, and maybe even explaining why some mutations have effects we didn’t understand before. It’s kind of crazy to think that for years we were ignoring half of our genome, and now it might hold answers to questions scientists have been puzzling over for decades.



    Honestly, this makes me rethink my idea of DNA. It’s not just neat, tidy segments coding for proteins. It’s messy, flexible, and seems to have hidden layers that we’re only starting to notice. I like that this study challenges the old idea of “junk DNA”,  it’s a reminder that science is always growing and getting better, and what we think we know might just be the tip of the iceberg.

    For genetics, this is exciting because it opens a whole new set of questions. How do these hidden regions interact with the genes we already know about? Could they help explain complex diseases? And, on a bigger scale, what else might we be missing because our tools weren’t good enough to see it? It really shows how much there still is to discover about our own genome.



First Source: https://phys.org/news/2025-11-genome-hidden-dna-sequencing-technology.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com#google_vignette 

Second Source: https://phys.org/news/2025-10-reveals-hidden-regulatory-roles-junk.html 


Tuesday, November 25, 2025

Genome Sequencing in World Record Time

Genome Sequencing in World Record Time

         Last month, a huge breakthrough was made in genome sequencing that could be the difference between critical NICU babies getting unnecessary treatments and, important procedures. Doctors and researchers at the Boston Children's Hospital and Roche Sequencing Solutions were able to do a full genome sequencing in right under four hours. This has shattered the old world record, 5 hours and 2 minutes, by over an hour.

    This new world record shows growth and maximization of efficiency within the genome sequencing world. This achievement uses a technology called Sequencing by Expansion. Sequencing by Expansion works to be more efficient, accurate, and reliable. By optimizing every step — from sample prep, to sequencing, to data analysis, the team was able to produce a full “variant call file” (VCF) in under four hours!







Why does this matter? In NICUs, time is often the extremely important. When a fresh baby shows signs of a genetic disorder, every second counts. Parents who are waiting days, or even weeks, for genetic testing can delay treatment or lead to unnecessary procedures. With SBX, doctors could send a blood sample in the morning and get a full genetic diagnosis by afternoon, This would be the start of same day, genetically backed up care.

This huge milestone means more than just a new record: it points to a future where genome sequencing becomes a regular and necessary care, especially for ill infants or patients with rare conditions. As SBX and other future sequencing platforms continue to improve, we may see a shift from targeted genetic tests to thorough, whole-genome diagnostics — reducing the “diagnostic odyssey” many families currently endure.

Studying genetics, this new world record is eye opening for the importance and input of real world usage of genome sequencing. This also helps recognize the usage of genome sequencing to help treat genetic disorders! 

Secondary Source: https://sequencing.roche.com/global/en/article-listing/sequencing-platform-technologies.html?utm_source=goolge&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=DIA_SBX_awearness&utm_content=wgs&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=22592607575&gbraid=0AAAAA_UEx4PJNawZm6gIXd7tDIqUXPY7F&gclid=Cj0KCQiAxJXJBhD_ARIsAH_JGjg77Z8xl7Anb9cFkEJClpbLwFuowFVnaBqYlJpoDyiI-WvfLELhrUUaAu1dEALw_wcB


Resources 

Thompson, Dennis. “New World Record Set for Fastest Human Whole Genome Sequencing.” HealthDay, 17 Oct. 2025, https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2025-10-17/world-record-set-for-fastest-genome-sequencing

Roche Sequencing Solutions. “SBX Sequencing: Rapid Whole Genome Sequencing for Clinical Use.” Roche, 2025, https://sequencing.roche.com/global/en/article-listing/sequencing-platform-technologies.html?utm_source=goolge&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=DIA_SBX_awearness&utm_content=DNAseq&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=22592607575&gbraid=0AAAAA_UEx4PJNawZm6gIXd7tDIqUXPY7F&gclid=Cj0KCQiAxJXJBhD_ARIsAH_JGjirxBeyIUede5ih8r4q5AE1iBKvMROIobYiGbnSuQE7OKYPsnoihisaAkJGEALw_wcB

Wednesday, March 12, 2025

What's Hiding in This Flower's Giant Y Chromosome

A recent article by Veronique Greenwood in The New York Times discusses how scientists have finally sequenced the Y chromosome of the white campion, a flower with a massive Y chromosome, even bigger than the entire genome of some organisms like puffer fish and fruit flies. Unlike most plants, which are hermaphrodites, white campion, on the other hand, has distinctive male and female sexes, thanks to sex chromosomes. Researchers have found that the Y chromosome is packed with genes controlling male traits and a lot of repetitive DNA that has been copying itself for millions of years. Scientists also discovered that, unlike in many other organisms where X and Y chromosomes swap DNA to remove excess material, the white campion lost this ability long ago, perhaps because swapping could have endangered the integrity of these genes, leading to its unusually massive Y chromosome.

         
            This discovery isn't just about curiosity, but understanding how sex chromosomes evolve could have a real-world impact, as many crops, like papaya and cannabis, rely on a similar system, so this research could help with breeding and agriculture. It could also help in understanding how sex-determining genes remain stable, or why some Y chromosomes remain stable, while some like this keep expanding. 

Tuesday, November 12, 2024

Bird Beaks and Parrot Pigmentation

Authors Simon Griffith and Daniel Hooper make two very straightforward, yet interesting findings in their article "A single atom can change the colour of a bird. These are the genes responsible," published in the The Conversation. The findings are based off of two different research papers on pigmentation in birds, focusing on the biochemical reasons for different colors in Pseudeos fuscata, otherwise known as the Dusky Lory.

It turns out that two different genes are responsible for the red-to-yellow color range found these birds. These genes control a single enzyme, which converts red pigments to yellow. In the dusky lory, mutations in the genes cause the enzyme to become inactive, but only in certain parts of the bird. This is why some dusky lories have yellow beaks but red bodies; the genes in the beak cells are mutated, but not in the body cells.


Parrots are really unique in that their pigmentation come from psittacofulvins, a special pigment made by and found in parrots. Most other birds' pigmentation come from their food. I think that this makes parrots much more interesting to study, since their genetic basis for color can lead to much more variation among individuals. Perhaps different kinds of mutations in the dusky lory's genes can lead to more colors besides yellow and red. Albino individuals may also exist.

I also am curious to know whether or not different color variations may be favored by natural selection. Is a red beak more attractive? Does a yellow beak illness or weakness? As Griffith and Hooper write in their article, "[variation] can lead to the origin of a new species." Perhaps the the red beak and yellow beak birds with diverge with time. I think this is a question worth answering.

ARTICLES

Tuesday, November 14, 2023

Genetic Testing to Aid In the prevention of High Cholesterol

 Cholesterol is a substance that is found in your blood and is "waxy". Your body needs cholesterol to build and to continue to build healthy cells. However, higher levels of cholesterol can lead to heart disease. Scientists now are studying and testing to see if there is way to reduce these cardiovascular risks and see if it is heritable as well. There are procedures already formed for when an individual does get high cholesterol and is at the risk of heart disease. These scientists are studying individuals with high cholesterol and looking at the specific gene to see if there are ways to combat it. However, with their studied new areas are and still be discovered. For example, researchers from the European Alzheimer’s & Dementia Biobank Mendelian Randomization (EADB-MR) have found that determined increases HDL cholesterol and high blood pressure are both associated with a higher chance of developing Alzheimer's disease. So with all the research and findings that these scientists discover, also comes a lot of factors that they did not know about as well and shows that we still have a lot to learn and study.






Sources:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/alzheimers-risk-linked-to-high-hdl-cholesterol-and-high-blood-pressure

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800

https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2023/11/12/high-cholesterol-genetic-testing-study/7461699652208/





Wednesday, April 13, 2022

Baby whale genetic testing may help save species, study says


In an article posted by ABC News, a team of scientists led by researchers at the New England Aquarium in Boston studied critically endangered North Atlantic right whales. The scientists analyzed decades of data about the whales and found that they had more success tracking the animals’ survival, growth rates, and life histories when they had access to genetic samples. The results of this study were published in Mammalian Biology.


The scientists focused on 13 right whale calves identified via genetics and were able to determine the ages of 12 of the whales and match 11 with their mothers. They even found that four believed to be dead were actually still alive. Right whales have been historically tracked using photo ID. According to Philip Hamilton, the senior scientist at the aquarium, the photographic archive is still important but it is even more helpful when used alongside genetic data.


Right whales were once abundant off the East Coast but their populations were decimated during the commercial whaling era. The whales are now vulnerable to ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear. Climate change is also a new danger that has been forcing whales to flee coastal areas in search of food, which puts them at risk to the other dangers previously mentioned.


A greater reliance on genetic data can help fill in the gaps about these whales. Relying on genetics in addition to photo or acoustic data adds another layer of complexity that can help scientists further understand this very endangered and complex species. The researchers learned that it’s possible for mother right whales to be seen without their calves in feeding grounds for short periods. Previously, calves were assumed to be dead if their mothers were alone on feeding grounds during the birth year, according to the study.


Samples used in the biopsy were sent to Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, for genetic analysis. According to Timothy Fraiser, a biology professor at the university who was involved in the research, integrating the genetic samples with field research yields data that is more comprehensive than the sum of its parts. This leads to a much richer understanding of right whales than either approach could provide on its own.


Related article: https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/florida-north-atlantic-right-whales-fight-for-survival/


Sunday, July 26, 2020

The Power of Colored Light


The Power of Colored Light 

A group of researchers revealed that using colored light could lead to advances in the development, flowering, and adaption to environment for certain plants. The team used optogenetics, which is defined as using light control biological processes, specifically for plant life. Since plants respond to light as they grow, optogenetics was not working in the past. The genetic switches would be constantly activated. However, the team came up with a solution that allows for different cellular processes to be controlled by colored light. Basically this colored light is turning certain genes on and off. For example, red light can be used to turn on gene expression at a certain time. When they want the gene to "turn off" they will put on white light. This process of switching the colors back and forth can happen as much as possible. 

Rather than using chemicals or drugs that are ultimately hurting the plant and the environment, the optogenetics is a great advancement to be used. Ultimately, using colored light can increase plant yields and could potentially improve the plants defense against pathogens. 

Tuesday, July 21, 2020

Are Oranges the Cure to Obesity, Heart Disease, and Diabetes?


Are Oranges the Cure to Obesity, Heart Disease, and Diabetes?

A molecule found in oranges and tangerines, called nobiletin, has been shown to drastically reduce obesity in mice. The molecule not only reduces obesity, it was proven to drastically improve factors that can lead to diabetes and other health problems. A group of researchers at Robarts Research Institute at Western tested the molecule on two sub sets of mice. All of the mice were fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet, but the mice that were given the molecule had reduced levels in blood fats and insulin resistance levels compared to the mice that were not given the molecule. Nobiletin can also reverse the plaque build up in the arteries. 

The researchers however still do not know why or how the nobiletin works. The next steps the team want to take are testing to see if the molecule has the same effect on humans and finding out why this molecule has that effect on the metabolic system of mice. 



Monday, July 20, 2020

From a Female Mosquito to a Non Biting Male Mosquito




From a Female Mosquito to a Non Biting Male Mosquito

Researchers have specifically found a gene that has proven to convert female mosquitoes into male mosquitoes. An interesting fact about mosquitoes that I learned from reading the article was that female mosquitoes bite and the males do not. Only the females bite so they can take the blood for the production of eggs. 

Nix, which is a male determining gene, can be inherited by the female mosquitoes in the chromosomal region. Although the females can be converted to male mosquitoes, there is one problem. The female mosquitoes that were converted to males can not fly because another gene called the myo-sex gene, was not inherited as well. This gene is needed to properly function as a male mosquito. Without this gene, the mosquitoes are not able to fly and as a result they will not be able to mate. 

Although researchers have a long way to go in perfecting the strategies to fully convert a female mosquito to a functioning male mosquito, huge milestones have been met. These small steps are only the beginning to being able to do the same process to different species, animals, and insects. 




Wednesday, December 11, 2019

DNA Profile is Private? A Florida Judge Just Said Otherwise
Genetic profiles have always been private for everyone but a judge in Florida is about to change that. A detective from Florida requested a warrant to go into and see GEDmatch database that has nearly one million users. This is the first time a judge has arepoved a warrant like this and doing so can bring complications on genetic privacy. The judge allowing this warrant is giving other agencies ideas to request for search warrants on other DNA sites. This means no one’s genetic profile will be safe and their information could be used by anyone.
Links

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

He Jiankui shocked the world of genetics

He Jiankui shocked the world of genetics
Yes, I am very late to this party. The article I am writing about was published in Time on November 29th,
2018, a whole year ago. However, I was very shocked by the article, and thought it was worthy to share.
He Jiankui, a professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology, used CRISPR on embryos
against all ethical standards. The babies produced from the treat go by Lulu and Nana, and were intended
to be treated with CRISPR to disable a gene that helps HIV enter healthy cells. I think the most shocking
thing is that is performed the technique behind everyones back, against strict advice. Many problems
could arise from using CRISPR on human embryos, but He definitely has the guts to try. The only thing
left to do now is sit back and watch. The twins will forever be the focal point of every genetic
advancement from here on out. I am very interested to see what results occur.
Related article:

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Successful marriages are due genetic predisposition

Successful marriages are due genetic predisposition
Researchers at Yale discovered a gene that holds the secret to a happy marriage. A gene known as the  GG
genotype, is known to cause greater expression of empathy, sociability, and emotional stability, and acts
in a receptor for oxytocin, the “love hormone”. Of course having these qualities would benefit any sort of
relationship, however, the GG genotype was found more frequently in people that reported happy and
healthy relationships.
 Of course, long term bonds and relationships still require physical attraction, shared interests and values,
and obviously more research needs to be completed to see how accurate the information and effect of the
gene really is. It’s crazy how many things can  be “contributed” to having a certain genotype.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Consumption of alcohol on brain size

Consumption of alcohol on brain size
It was believed that heavy consumption of alcohol caused brain volume to decrease. Investigators from
Washington University (St. Louis, MO) and Duke University (Durham, NC), aren’t entirely ruling out this
thought, however, they have conducted studies that suggest that alcohol may not be the one to blame.
Their findings indicate that smaller brain volume and the predisposition to consume a fair amount of
alcohol are derived from an individual's genetic makeup. The study shows that individuals who consumed
more alcohol had “lower gray matter volume” in two regions of the brain, the dorsolateral prefrontal
cortex and the insula. Their analysis also showed that reduced brain volume in those two specific regions
were due to genetic composition. The investigators do still recognize that alcohol consumption does
reduce brain volume, however their findings suggest that “brain volumes started out lower to begin with.” 

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Could we live forever in Outer Space?

Could we live forever in Outer Space?
During my senior year in high school my AP Physics teacher would occasionally inform the class on new
and exciting things happening in science. One of which being NASA’s experiment with twins and
telomeres. I thought it would be fitting to write a blogpost on it.
To sum things up, a pair of twins was monitored for a year while one was in space and the other on Earth.
The results would help improve and prevent health risks associated with space flight. Things like gene
expression and the performance of the immune system were monitored. To me, the most interesting thing
discovered over the year was the change in telomere length. In the article telomeres are described as
“biomarkers of aging at the end of chromosomes.” The twin in space (Scott) was found to have longer
telomeres that returned to average length after returning home, while the twin on Earth (Mark) was found
to have stable telomeres. This information certainly is the starting point to more research and more
information. I think it is safe to joke that the increase in telomere length in space means immortal life (in
space).

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

How DNA protects itself from viruses


Retroviruses, in the norm, does not affect germ cells that makes sperm or egg therefore it's not passed down to offsprings. However, it does happen on rare occasion whete the retrovirus is passed down. A study done on Koala's showed a retrovirus that has been able to affect germ cells. KoRV-A is a retrovirus found in Koala's that makes them more prone to infection and cancer. What researchers found by looking at the passing down of KoRV-A is that when the retrovirus enters the germ cell they multiply and insert themselves into the host chromosomes, altering their genome organization and function. This showed the researchers that the genome immune system is able to tell a virus from their own gene. The system is able to make the decision to keep the genes the retrovirus has that benefits them and deemed the negative genes of the retrovirus as virus. Those categorize as a virus by the host immune system has virus-specific RNA, making them a target for germ cells that chops these RNA into smaller pieces called "sense" piRNA which then blocks the formation of the virus.


Koala (stock image). | Credit: © rueangrit / stock.adobe.com
I thought this research on Koala would be very beneficial to study. By looking into how the Koala immune system is able to splice up the viral RNA, thus rendering them unable to replicate, can lead to treatments that involve virus related diseases.



Links:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191010113231.htm
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)31008-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867419310086%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Antioxidant may cause cancer?


Supplements that many are intaking daily for health may not be suitable for your body. Instead, these supplements may cause cancer. Recent studies show that antioxidants, like dietary supplements, Vitamin E, help spread lung cancer. A researcher from New York University School of Medicine named, Michele Pagano learns that antioxidant neutralizes free radicals during metabolism, and about 30% of cell cancer develop mutations in two genes that regulate antioxidant production. These mutations then prevent the Nrf2 protein which causes tumor build up. Usually, healthy cell employ heme oxygenase-1 or Ho1 enzyme, but due to tumor build-up, it get hijacked, and due to high levels of Nrf2 and antioxidant, this lead to Ho1 to help spread more cancer tumor.


The study on antioxidant supplements is an excellent study to find out because it advises patients like myself about taking vitamin supplements and the effects of not all supplements are suitable for the body. 

Image result for dietary supplement vitamin e


https://www.sciencenews.org/article/antioxidants-lung-cancer-spread-prevent
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-06-antioxidants-lung-cancer.html

Sunday, September 29, 2019

What are Genetic and Lifestyle Risks associated with Dementia

Experts are hoping to intervene in the lives of those afflicted with dementia before they have even faced a diagnosis. They hope to do this by encouraging changes to the lifestyles of those who may develop the condition.

Experts believe that dementia is brought on by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic factors include genes passed from the mother and father of an individual while environmental factors are lifestyle choices such as smoking, diet and exercise. Since the genes that cause dementia are not modifiable, researchers hope that positive changes in lifestyle can decrease the possibility of developing dementia. A recent study in JAMA explores the extent of each factor on dementia. The study used information from a UK based biobank. A biobank holds health information about individuals including disease history and lifestyle choices. The study looked at 20,000 individuals aged 60 or older. Using pre-set lifestyle choices the researchers gave each individual a score in which a higher score denoted a "better" or healthier lifestyle. There can be errors with this method of scoring such as only accounting for specific factors and being unable to distinguish which factors have an effect on the results. Similarly a genetic risk score was created by looking for gene variants strongly associated with patients who have Alzheimer's. Together these numbers created the polygenic risk score.

It was found that while both factors have an effect on the development of dementia, they work independently of each other. Individuals who came up with a bad score for both genetic and lifestyle factors had a risk of developing dementia two and a half  times higher than those with better scores. This study does not prove that lifestyle choices are the cause of dementia but only that they may influence the development.

I believe that more studies should be conducted to look further into the relationship between lifestyle and dementia. This way high risk patients can start to make changes early in life and possibly delay the onset of the dementia. This would give them and their families more time to enjoy each others company.

Original Article: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/your-risk-of-dementia-do-lifestyle-and-genetics-matter-2019091317671

Research: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2738355


Sunday, September 22, 2019

Promise for Ovarian Cancer


Every year, women are affected by one of the leading causes of death from gynecological malignancies in the United States. This type of cancer called “ovarian cancer.” This disease is caused by cancer cells that form in the tissue surrounding the ovary in the female reproductive system. Ovarian cancer can be severe because it may attribute to other illnesses.It does not cause just one type of symptom, but multiple.  Each patient symptom(s) is different. Four types of cancer staged from 1 to 4. One is being least to four is most dangerous. Over the past years, science has improved, and now researchers give these patients hope toward treatments. For examples, more advanced drug therapies and epigenetic drugs trials. This help the patient continues to live a healthy
life with cancer.



Infographic



This study/article(s) shows how important this research is for patients that are affected and for female as well. Even though ovarian cancer cannot be cure, but it does give female patients who are affected have hope that it may treat. Due to advanced treatments that can help slow down/ and eliminate cancer cells so that patients be able to live with cancer. As a woman, I also think this is important to me as well because ovarian can happen at any age and to any women. Knowing that there are treatments out there that can help.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/combination_strategy_could_hold_promise_for_ovarian_cancer
https://www.newschannel5.com/news/genetic-research-showing-promise-in-fighting-ovarian-cancer
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/art/large/ovarian-cancer.jpeg

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Genetics Influence on Depression


Genetics Influence on Depression
 At least ten percent of people in the US will experience major depressive disorder. This number is two times more evident within women rather than men. Going against the majority of the stigma that society manifests toward depression, in most cases the cause of depression has been linked to be about 50% genetics. In order to study the heritability of major depression within a family, scientists seek twins. If genes are a part of the cause and a patient has an identical or fraternal twin, then the identical twin would be at higher risk than the fraternal twin. This is due to the percent of genes in common being double amongst identical twins. This experiment lead many scientists to predict that the heritability of major depression is probably about 40 to 50 percent. Further tests have been done as well leading to roughly the same conclusion. For example, a British research team isolated a gene that appears to be evident in multiple family members that have been diagnosed with depression. As a result of this experiment the chromosome 3p25-26 was found in more than 800 families with recurrent depression. Even on a bigger scale, the results of a genome wide meta analysis of genetic data from 807,553 individuals (246363 cases and 561,190 controls) linked 102 genetic variants and 269 genes to depression. These numbers were then validated in an independent sample of another 1,507,153 individuals. Then within gene set analysis MAGMA* identified 269 putative genes** and 15 gene sets that were associated with depression, along with the connection between prefrontal brain regions and their role with depression. All of these experiments concluded to roughly the same ending; depression has a genetic factor along with its environmental factors. Its genetic factor is definitely not simple and is believed to be a combination of genetic changes that predispose some people to become ill, not just a single gene. Meaning that no one can “inherit” depression from their mom or their dad, it goes a lot deeper than that. Each person inherits a combination of genes from mom and dad and these combinations can potentially lead to diseases such as depression. 
          Overall, in my opinion these studies are crucial to breaking the stigma against depression. People must stop blaming those who are suffering already. In fact it has been found that depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and is estimated that 1 in 6 people will develop depression during their lifetime. With this being said, you know someone who is struggling whether they have come forward about it or not. This information prioritizes the fact that society must unwarp their opinions toward depression. Being scientifically researched and proven to have another reason other than “I’m just sad” has to eventually have an effect on breaking the stigma against depression. People are not simply just lazy, it’s not always their fault. Try telling a cancer patient to stop having cancer. 



a segment of DNA whose protein and function is unknown**
a genetic analysis tool*



Genetics of Brain Function. “Major Depression and Genetics.” Genetics of Brain Function


        med.stanford.edu/depressiongenetics/mddandgenes.html.






Faris, Stephanie. “Is Depression Genetic or Environmental?” Healthline, Healthline Media, 25   


        July 2017, www.healthline.com/health/depression/genetic#outlook.






“Genetics of Depression Linked with Hundreds of Genes and Different Behavioral Traits.” 


         GEN, 6 Feb. 2019, www.genengnews.com/news/genetics-of-depression-linked-with-  


         hundreds-of-genes-and-different-behavioural-traits/.