Penicillin Allergies are Hereditary

 

Penicillin is a common antibiotic used to treat many common bacterial infections. The problem is that so many people are allergic to it, that it's not as commonly prescribed anymore. Usually, doctors more often prescribe amoxicillin, which can treat a wider broad of infections. Onwards, penicillin has been shown to a genetic variation link on HLA-B*55:01. This a specific location on chromosome 6. This is a variant of HLA-B which has other variants shown to cause adverse reactions to abacavir which is prescribed for HIV/AIDS treatment. Also, the medication, allopurinol, used to treat gout. Scientists find that this discovery is reasonable since it seems that the HLA-B predisposes for a higher risk in drug reactions.

 The HLA-B genetic variation allows for the body cells to be able to distinguish between harmful bacteria and viruses. While the HLA gene, known as human leukocyte antigen, has been studied to show that people with genetic variations of the HLA have negative reactions to medications/drugs.

Scientists were able to discover this genetic variation by using electronic health records with the genetic information available, then further narrowing it down to people with self-reported penicillin allergies. Since only using self-reported penicillin allergies, some of the HLA-B gene variants were not found in every patient studied. If replicated patients with confirmed penicillin allergies will be better suited for the study. It is estimated that 90% of people misreport penicillin allergies. This is most likely not being properly educated on what is considered an allergen vs the side effects of drugs.

Overall, this information would be very useful to people. This is because some people also have such adverse reactions to medications that it can lead to long-term negative effects or even death. If being able to have this information widely available to people about predispositions to certain drugs and the adverse effects it may cause, then people can know what to avoid them.

I found this article very interesting. I work in a pharmacy and see how medication allergies are handled. Most people misreport allergies, as the side effects that can come from taking the medication. My pharmacist has to council patients daily, on certain medications and then most of the time comes to find out they reported having an upset stomach as their allergy symptom or even a rash, which can be a side effect or allergen. Now, of course, to prove if you have allergies to certain drugs it is not the easiest to get allergy tested by a specialist. But still, if studied further, it would be more important to study patients with confirmed allergies to get more accurate results, if the HLA-B*B55:01 really does affect allergy and effectiveness towards penicillin allergies.

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/penicillin-allergies-immune-system-genetics

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32888428/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25224099/

 

 

 

Certain Genes May Be Resistant to Typhoid Fever

This article explains what Typhoid fever is and why some people are naturally immune to it. Typhoid fever is a disease typically found in people in low income countries and it is transmitted through food or water. It is also linked to Salmonella. In Vietnam and Nepal scientists compared the genomic profile of patients with Typhoid Fever to those of healthy ones and found that the HLA locus was associated to the resistance of Typhoid fever. Now, with this information they can do further testing and research to hopefully find some kind of cure.

I found this article interesting because I had never heard of Typhoid Fever before and it is always interesting to learn about new diseases. Also, my favorite thing about science is new discoveries, especially new potential cures for any kind of disease! So, this article made me very happy because of their potential ability to find a cure!

Human Leukocyte Antigen Locus: Parkinson's Disease

This is a continuation of a possible series of blog posts all pertaining to the vast array of genetic content that the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) locus has brought to the medical field. In a study conducted by the NeuroGenetics Research Consortium, led by a research scientist from the NY Department of Health and professors of genetics from several universities, pre-conclusive evidence was found that helped to link the immune system to the onset of the degenerative neurological disorder, Parkinson's disease.

The research team studied 2,000 Parkinson's patients and 2,000 clinical control volunteers, some for over two decades, in order to hone in on the most important data. Over that time, they were assessing the clinical, environmental and genetic factors that might contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease. The study was centralized on the HLA locus, which contributes to the majority of immune functions and responses in humans. Continuous study at this locus can help to reach conclusions on how infection, inflammation and autoimmunity may contribute to the onset of Parkinson's disease.



Although many important conclusions were made from this study, much more work in required to fully understand the correlation between the HLA locus and Parkinson's disease. The Consortium's next step is to look more into gene-environment links in order to personalize therapeutics for any specific individual.