Virus fighter may have played a key role in human evolution

According to a new study , researchers have discovered a virus fighting protein in humans and other primates that triggers an eruption in genetic mutations that may have sped up the evolution of our species.

Way before humans were on this earth viruses have been inserting their genetic material onto the host and tricking the hosts cell into making more of the virus. Overtime of having invasive viruses, our body builds up a natural immunity called retrovirus to counteract and destroy the virus. Also our bodies have mutated this DNA into so called APOBEC proteins that seek out certain combinations of the complimentary bases that make up DNA. These proteins chemically convert the base cytosine to uracil during translation , disrupting the gene.

In 2012, researchers at Cornell University found that certain APOBEC proteins do the same thing in cancer changing the bases causing lots of mutations that further the cells into uncontrolled growth.

But how did this effect human evolution ?

If these mutative APOBEC proteins were active in a sex cell such as sperm or egg, these mutations could possibly affect future generations and could forever alter the course of evolution. All together the researchers found around 40,000 mutations occurring in 10,00 clusters in chimp and human genomes that they think were caused by these proteins. One mutation can change the physically and chemically attributes of a person , being able to control these APOBEC proteins to specifically mutate certain genomes can be terrifying.

Researchers are now calculation what percentage of the genetic changes that mad us human were cause by APOBEC proteins. A newborn is expected 70 new mutations in its genome but just one of these proteins can introduce thousands of them in one generation , speeding up the rate of evolution rapidly.

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/virus-fighter-may-have-played-key-role-human-evolution

Genetic Contributions to Cardiovascular risk among HIV patients

A recent study among HIV patients has found that an genetic background of heart disease seems to have more affect on the likelihood of developing coronary artery disease than other risk factors such as high cholesterol. It has also been shown that the anti-retrovirus drugs used to treat HIV patients will increase the likelihood that HIV patients will develop coronary artery disease.

According to the study genetics and anti-retroviral drugs are both just as likely to cause coronary artery disease. This information is very important to the treatment of HIV patients. The researchers believe that doctors should be collecting genetic on HIV patients in order to correctly determine the likelihood that the patient will develop coronary artery disease.

It is important to note that recent studies have found that HIV is linked to the development of heart disease. It is thought that this may be due to the inflammatory effects of the disease. However, the side effect from anti-retrovirus drugs has also been shown to be a major contribution.

The researchers believe that HIV patients must be closely monitored due to the anti-retrovirus drugs. However, they believe that in HIV patients who also have genetic history it may be appropriate to use more aggressive treatments before the coronary artery disease even develops.

Genetics have also been shown to play a large role in patients without HIV as well. Do you think it is okay to treat a disease before it has developed as the researchers in this study would like to do?

 

Original Article- http://www.aidsmap.com/Genetics-make-a-large-contribution-to-cardiovascular-risk-for-people-with-HIV/page/2635767/

Genetics in Heart Disease- http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2004-12-22-cardiac-genetic-link_x.htm