Why Huntington's Disease May Take So Long To Develop

    Huntington's disease is a rare genetic disorder which causes for brain regions to die because of progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, and it affects movement, cognitive functions, and emotions. The disease has first symptoms which begin when someone is in their 30's and 40's, but there are ever rarer cases where is shows up in peoples 20's which is referred to as "Juvenile Huntington's disease". It has been shown that Huntington's is caused by a repeated bit of the HTT gene, and in some brain cells, that repeated bit can grow to hundreds of copies over time. Based off findings it is seen that the adding of the repeated in

vulnerable brain cells are what the main drive of Huntington's disease is.

   What is shown now is that if we are able to keep the growth of the repeats in order than we may be able to slow or even stop the disease from moving forward. Based off this finding, researchers are now looking for ways to lower the level of Huntington. 

Sources

Why Huntington’s disease may take so long to develop (sciencenews.org)

Huntington's disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Huntington's Disease | Johns Hopkins Medicine

Artificial Stimulation of the Brain

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Buffalo conducted an interesting study related to stimulation of brain regions.  Brain stimulation is used to treat patients that have certain disorders by using electricity.  Researchers were trying to determine which areas or regions of the brain to stimulate based on the disorder.  This was increasingly difficult because each region connects to other regions in ways that are not understood.  To learn more about brain stimulation, these connections and pathways had to be studied and evaluated.

Using a model mapped from an MRI scanner, eight individuals' brains were evaluated. Every region in the brain (there are 83) were stimulated. With the exception of a few outliers, the majority of the results were the same.  When stimulating certain regions of the brain, network hubs in particular, the activation of many regions within the brain was shown.  This may be linked to the amount of white matter within these areas.  The white matter connects regions of the brain together, and these regions resulted in a higher amount of activation when one region was stimulated.

Within the two sub-networks of the brain, the subcortical network and the default mode network, there were dramatic changes caused by the stimulation. The subcortical network stimulation resulted in many regions being triggered. The default mode network also had many regions switched on, but only where the white matter was linked to another region.

This research shows that treatment of disorders is possible in the future by doing a complete change in the brain network from stimulating the subcortical network or by performing a more specific change throughout the brain from stimulating the default mode network.  This is promising research within the neuroscience field. With more research in the future, electric stimulation could cure certain disorders.