Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

     A effective cytogenetic method for locating and detecting particular DNA sequences on chromosomes is fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In this technique, complementary DNA sequences in fixed cells or tissue samples are bound by fluorescently tagged probes. These fluorescent probes detect chromosomal abnormalities, gene rearrangements, and the presence of particular genetic markers by emitting signals that may be seen under a fluorescence microscope when exposed to ultraviolet or visible light. FISH is highly beneficial in genetic research, prenatal screening, and cancer diagnostics because it provides information on gene expression, helps identify malignancies, and helps explain chromosomal problems.  

   Understanding complex genetic interactions requires the capacity to provide spatial information about the placement of genes within the context of the complete chromosome, which is one of the major benefits of FISH. The method is adaptable and may be used with a variety of samples, such as interphase nuclei and metaphase spreads, which makes it suitable for a broad spectrum of research. Furthermore, to improve its diagnostic potential, FISH can be combined with other methods like flow cytometry and next-generation sequencing. FISH continues to be a fundamental method in molecular biology research, providing insights into genetic structure and function that are essential for developing targeted medications and personalized medicine. 

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Fluorescence-In-Situ-Hybridization-FISH#:~:text=Fluorescence%20in%20situ%20hybridization%20(FISH)%20is%20a%20molecular%20cytogenetic%20technique,entire%20chromosome%20in%20a%20cell.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization-fish-test