Alcoholism is a genetic addiction that accounts for 40-60% of the risk. Opiate and cocaine addictions also have comparable heritability rates. Addiction susceptibility is linked to large chromosomal areas, although genetic variations are unknown. Alcohol sensitivity and acute alcohol side effects are increased in some East Asian groups due to enzyme polymorphisms that metabolize alcohol. Aldehyde dehydrogenase type2 homozygotes seldom develop alcoholism. Drug misuse affects inbred mice and rats differently. Identification of mouse lines carefully bred for alcohol or drug responsiveness should illuminate addiction pathways. Due to the intricacy of addiction and the possibility of variations in distinct genes causing addiction in different lineages, identifying genes that increase addiction risk is complex. Poverty, criminality, and delinquency impact risk, but their effects are unclear. Stress and genotype can also affect an animal's sensitivity to a substance of abuse, according to animal research. Investigating how genetic variants and environmental variables interact is crucial. Genetic and ecological variables impact an individual's initial drug sensitivity and how nerve cells and circuits adapt to prolonged drug exposure, which leads to addiction. Behavioral research emphasizes quantifying behavioral endpoints with the same complexity and interassay reliability as non-behavioral variables. Genes may modify the form or function of specific brain circuits throughout development or maturity or influence neural circuits influenced by environmental inputs, making them vulnerable to addiction. Genetic techniques and particular phenotypes may help identify addiction susceptibility genes in people and animals.
Animal models are absolutely necessary for elucidating the neurological workings of the addictive process. Nevertheless, genetic changes can occasionally result in traits for which there is no obvious explanation. It is now conceivable because of the growing sophistication of genetic techniques and the predictive value of animal models, to grasp the cellular mechanisms and neuronal circuitry linking chemical events with complicated behavior. This will allow for the completion of the puzzle, which was previously impossible.
Addiction is a broad term that incorporates a variety of maladaptive behaviors. These behaviors include use disorders for substances like alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and cocaine, all of which significantly contribute to morbidity and death. In this overview, categorization, diagnosis, heritable variation, gene-based techniques, alternative genetic variations, gene-environment interactions, and pharmacogenomics are discussed. In addition to this, it explores how these methodologies might be applied to better understand the mechanisms that are at the root of nicotine addiction and to develop novel therapies.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1100_277
https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201254
No comments:
Post a Comment